Glossary: Climate change and biodiversity terms

• Abiotic: Physical rather than biological - relating to non-living things.
• Active citizenship: Bringing about change through active participation in society, for example, voting, campaigning, or volunteering for a charity.
• Adaptation: Actions taken to help cope with the effects of climate change, for example, building flood defences, or planting new crops that will thrive under new conditions. Not to be confused with the biological definition ie a characteristic of an organism that improves the likelihood of it surviving and/or reproducing.
• ALAN: An acronym for Artificial Lighting At Night.
• Alternative energy: Sources of energy that are produced without burning fossil fuels, such as solar and wind power.
• Anthropocene: An unofficial term for the current geological age; the period during which human activity started to have a notable impact on the climate and environment.
• Anthropogenic: Man-made climate change, as opposed to natural climate changes caused by things like climate change sunspots, tectonic events, or changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun.
• Atmosphere: The complex layer/s of gases that envelop the Earth.
• Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms, such as animals and plants, in an ecosystem. Ecosystems are dependent on biodiversity to persist and to work properly, and we are dependent on ecosystems to function.
• Biofuel: Fuel derived directly from biological sources, for example plants and some types of waste.
• Biomass: A collective term for organic matter derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Biotic: Biological rather than physical - relating to living things.
• Campaigning: Actions or events organised by an individual or a group to achieve a specific aim.
• Carbon budget: The cumulative amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted over a set period to keep within an agreed temperature threshold. Carbon budgets can be agreed on different scales: individually, on an organisational scale, nationally, and globally.
• Carbon capture and storage: A process that prevents carbon dioxide (CO₂) from entering the atmosphere when it is emitted from sources such as coal-fired power plants. It is used in areas where reducing emissions is particularly difficult, for example in some types of heavy industry. CO₂ is compressed, transported, and then injected underground into deep geological reservoirs.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂): A gas in the Earth’s atmosphere. CO₂ comes from both natural sources (including volcanoes, the breath of animals and plant decay) and human sources (primarily the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas to generate energy).
• Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-eq): A measure used to compare emissions from greenhouse gases according to their global warming potential (GWP). This is done by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same global warming potential.
• Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon released into the atmosphere by a group or an individual, as a result of everyday activities or the manufacture of a specific product. Carbon emissions – in the form of carbon dioxide and methane - are what cause global warming and climate change. Carbon footprints do not only apply to people - they can be calculated for companies, events, places, and products.
• Carbon-neutral: A person, company or country that balances the carbon dioxide they release into the atmosphere through their everyday activities with the amount they absorb or remove from the atmosphere. This is also called net zero carbon emissions or net zero carbon, because overall no carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere.
• Carbon offsetting: A way to compensate for greenhouse gas emissions, by funding or playing a part in attempts to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. Sometimes this can mean investing in global environmental projects, such as land restoration or tree planting.
• Carbon sinks: Any mechanism that removes CO₂ from the atmosphere. The major natural carbon sinks are plants, oceans, and soil.
• Carbon sources: Any mechanism that releases more CO₂ into the atmosphere than it absorbs, for example,
• burning fossil fuels or volcanic eruptions.
• CFCs: The short name for chlorofluorocarbons – a group of greenhouse gases that are harmful to the ozone layer.
• Climate: The average weather patterns over a long-term period (over 30 years at least).
• Climate change: The most commonly used term to describe long-term change in global or regional climate patterns, as a result of increasing levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
• Climate finance: Funding on a local, national, or international level that is invested in climate change related activities, to support adaptation.
• Climate justice: A concept that acknowledges the inequitable outcomes of the climate crisis - that climate change will not affect everyone in the same way, and that this will lead to inequalities between places, people and even generations.
• Climate refugee: Someone who has been forced to leave their home as a consequence of the climate crisis and sudden or long-term changes to their environment.
• Citizen science/Community science: Scientific work undertaken by members of the general public, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists and scientific institutions.
• COP26: COP is an abbreviation of Conference of the Parties. COP meetings happen annually and provide an organised environment for international governments, organisations, and individuals to gather and discuss how best to tackle climate change together. The 26th UN Climate Change Conference took place in Glasgow in November 2021.
• Deforestation: The removal of trees to clear an area of forest to make space for growing crops, animal grazing, construction, manufacturing, or to procure timber. This can lead to significant carbon dioxide emissions.
• Demonstration: A public meeting or march protesting or showing support for a specific issue or cause.
• Eco-anxiety: Heightened apprehension in response to the climate crisis and both current and future harmful effects of human activity on the environment.
• Economic impact: The effect of an event on the wealth of a region or community.
• Ecosystem: A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
• Ecotourism: Responsible travel, normally carried out in small groups, that has the least possible impact on the local ecosystem and the local people. It usually involves travelling to areas of natural conservation, and often includes education.
• Emissions: An amount of material produced and released into the air, that causes harm to the environment; in particular, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Enhanced greenhouse: The increased concentration of greenhouse gases, thought to be the cause of recent effect global warming.
• Energy conservation: An effort to reduce energy consumption, by using energy more efficiently or using less energy altogether.
• Energy mix: The mixture of primary energy sources used within a geographical region, and their proportions. The UK’s energy mix consists mostly of natural gas and oil, but the contribution made by renewables to UK power generation has more than doubled since 2014.
• Energy transition: The ongoing shift from fossil-based energy production towards renewable energy production by the second half of this century. The UK is aiming to produce all electricity from renewable sources by 2035.
• Environment: The natural world, as a whole or in a specific geographical area. The conditions that surround a living organism.
• Environmental impact: The effect of an event or activity on the landscape and ecology of an area, or on the environment as a whole.
• Extreme weather: A weather event that is notably different from the usual weather pattern - ie particularly severe or unseasonal. For example, flash floods or a heat wave in the UK.
• Fast fashion: A collection of design, manufacturing and marketing methods that aim to produce fashionable clothes as quickly and as cheaply as possible. These clothes often sample designs from the catwalk or celebrity culture and are, in many cases, only worn a handful of times before being thrown out.
• Finite resources: Non-renewable resources that cannot be replaced and will one day run out.
• Fossil fuels: Natural fuels, such as natural gas, coal, and oil, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. Most greenhouse gases are produced when fossil fuels are burnt for energy. They are a finite resource.
• Fragile environment An environment that is easily disturbed and unable to adapt to environmental changes,
• including those that arise as a result of human activity.
• Global average temperature: The mean temperature of the surface of the Earth, usually measured over a 30-year period to detect and track changes.
• Global dimming: A gradual decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface, as it travels through space, believed to be caused by air pollution from human activity.
• Global warming: Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from humanmade greenhouse gas emissions.
• Greenhouse effect: The increase in the temperature of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, due to the insulating effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
• Greenhouse gases: Natural and manufactured gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that trap heat from the Earth and warm its surface.
• Greenwashing: A communication and marketing strategy designed to make people believe that an organisation is doing more to protect the environment than it really is, by providing misleading information.
• Hazard risk:The probability that a natural hazard may take place.
• Ice cores: Cylinders of ice extracted from an ice sheet or glacier that can be used to determine past temperatures. The columns of ice contain air bubbles that enable scientists to find out the atmospheric gas concentrations at the time the snow fell.
• Interest group: An organisation formed to try and persuade the government to adopt specific policies on a particular issue.
• Light pollution: Light which escapes from artificial lights (See ALAN). Often referred to as ‘unseen pollution,’ it can cause harm to wildlife and humans by changing sleep and feeding patterns. It can also create exposure to predators and affect avoidance behaviour and animals’ ability to breed.
• Lobbying: A group or individual trying to persuade a politician to take up their cause - for instance, by starting a petition, writing a letter, or organising a demonstration.
• Methane: A powerful greenhouse gas produced both naturally and through human activity. Whilst methane does not stay in the atmosphere for as long as carbon dioxide, it has a greater heat trapping ability making it very harmful to the environment.
• Mineral extraction: The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth, such as precious stones, ores, stones used for building and solid fossil fuels like coal.
• Mitigation: Actions taken to limit the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as introducing targets to limit emissions or building earthquake-proof buildings.
• Natural greenhouse effect: The level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that occurs naturally. Without this, Earth’s average temperature would be well below freezing, and life as we know it would cease to exist.
• Natural hazard: An event that occurs naturally and has the potential to cause death and destruction. Examples of natural hazards are floods, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.
• Natural history: The study of the natural world (including wildlife, geology, and palaeontology) and its interactions, through observation, research, and communication.
• NDCs: An acronym for Nationally Determined Contributions - climate action plans for each of the countries that signed the Paris Agreement. They include policies and courses of action to reduce climate change.
• Net zero: A person, company or country is carbon-neutral if they balance the carbon dioxide they release into the atmosphere through their everyday activities with the amount they absorb or remove from the atmosphere. This is also called net zero carbon emissions, or net zero carbon, because overall no carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere.
• Nomenclature: A formal system of names used to label taxonomic groups (see Taxonomy).
• Ocean acidification: A change in the pH of seawater, which is normally around neutral. Carbon dioxide that is present in the atmosphere dissolves into the ocean. This lowers the pH, making it more acidic.
• Ozone layer: A layer of ozone gas within the stratosphere - the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It absorbs 98% of the Sun’s most harmful UV rays that cause sunburn and to human skin (and skin cancer) and damage to plants. CFCs have been identified as the main cause of damage to the ozone layer.
• Paris agreement: An international treaty on climate change, adopted in 2015 at COP21 in Paris and signed by 196 Parties. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (ideally 1.5 degrees Celsius) and encompasses climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance.
• Pollutant: A material introduced into the environment that has undesired effects and may harm organisms.
• Pollution: The introduction of harmful material into the environment.
• Power station: A facility where electrical power is generated for distribution.
• Pressure group: An organisation formed to take action, with the common aim of bringing about change regarding a particular issue.
• Primary effects: The initial, direct impact of a natural event or hazard on people and property, for example buildings collapsing after an earthquake.
• Quaternary period: The period of geological time that covers the last 2.6 million years.
• Recycling: The process of converting waste into reusable material.
• Renewable energy: Energy created from sources that can be naturally replenished, such as biomass, wind, and sunlight.
• Sea-level rise: An increase in the level of oceans, caused by the effects of global warming. Glaciers and ice sheets are melting and adding water to the ocean. The volume of the ocean is also expanding as the water warms.
• Secondary effects: The after-effects or indirect impacts of a natural hazard or event on people and property, for example the contamination of water supplies after an earthquake.
• Sky glow: The glow in the night sky caused by artificial lighting (see ALAN and light pollution). It is a form of pollution which can impact sleep patterns in humans and wildlife and affect the navigational ability of some species. It is also what prevents us from seeing the stars at night in built-up areas.
• Smog: A synonym for air pollution, combining the words ‘smoke’ and ‘fog.’
• Sustainability:Actions that meet the needs of the present without reducing opportunities for future generations.
• Taxonomy: The process and method of naming (see Nomenclature), describing, and classifying plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• Urbanisation: The process through which cities grow, and an increasing percentage of the population comes to live in towns and cities. The increased rate of urbanisation in the world today is driving an increase in emissions.
• Weather: Atmospheric conditions, such as rain or snow, happening in a place at a specific moment in time, as opposed to climate, which is how much, on average, a type of weather will occur over a longer period.

KS3 National Curriculum

Biology

• Interactions and interdependencies
  
• How organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment, including the accumulation of toxic materials
• Genetics and evolution
• How changes in the environment may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction
• The importance of maintaining biodiversity

Chemistry

• Earth and atmosphere
• Earth as a source of limited resources and the efficacy of recycling
• The carbon cycle
• The composition of the atmosphere
• The production of carbon dioxide by human activity and the impact on climate

Physics

• Energy
• The calculation of fuel uses and costs in the domestic context
• Fuels and energy resources

Geography

How human and physical processes interact to influence, and change landscapes, environments and the climate; and how human activity relies on effective functioning of natural systems

Physical Geography

• The key processes relating to:
  • geological timescales
  • weather and climate, including the change in climate from the Ice Age to the present
  • glaciation, hydrology, and coasts

Human Geography

• The key processes relating to:
  • population and urbanisation
  • international development
  • economic activity in the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors
  • the use of natural resources

Citizenship

• The roles played by public institutions and voluntary groups in society, and the ways in which citizens work together to improve their communities, including opportunities to participate in school-based activities

KS4 National Curriculum

Biology

• Positive and negative human interactions with ecosystems
• The importance of biodiversity
• Some abiotic and biotic factors which affect communities, and the importance of interactions between organisms in a community

Chemistry

Chemical and allied industries

• Life cycle assessment and recycling to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life
• The viability of recycling of certain materials
• Carbon compounds, both as fuels and feedstock, and the competing demands for limited resources

Earth and atmospheric science

• The evidence for composition and evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere since its formation
• The evidence, and uncertainties in evidence, for additional anthropogenic causes of climate change
• The potential effects of, and mitigation of, increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane on the Earth’s climate
• Common atmospheric pollutants: sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulates, and their sources
• The Earth’s water resources and obtaining potable water

Physics

Energy

• Renewable and non-renewable energy sources used on Earth and changes in how these are used

Geography

Place: processes and relationships

• The UK’s geography, including its physical and human landscapes, environmental challenges, changing economy and society, the importance of cultural and political factors, and its relationships with the wider world

Physical geography: processes and change

• How geomorphic processes at different scales, operating in combination with geology, climate and human activity have influenced and continue to influence the landscapes of the UK
• The causes, consequences of and responses to extreme weather conditions and natural weather hazards, recognising their changing distribution in time and space and drawing on an understanding of the global circulation of the atmosphere
• The spatial and temporal characteristics, of climatic change and evidence for different causes, including human activity, from the beginning of the Quaternary period (2.6 million years ago) to the present day

People and environment: processes and interactions

• The interdependence of climate, soil, water, plants, animals and humans; the processes and interactions that operate within them at different scales; and issues related to biodiversity and to their sustainable use and management
• How humans use, modify, and change ecosystems and environments in order to obtain food, energy and water resources
• The changing characteristics and distribution of demand and supply, past and present impacts of human intervention, and issues related to their sustainable use and management at a variety of scales

Human geography: processes and change

• Ways of life and contemporary challenges arising from and influencing urban change
• The wider political, social and environmental context within which a country is placed, the changing nature of industry and investment, and the characteristics of international trade, aid and geo-political relationships

Citizenship

The different ways in which a citizen can contribute to the improvement of his or her community, to include the opportunity to participate actively in community volunteering, as well as other forms of responsible activity

KS5 National Curriculum

(Building upon KS4 knowledge)

Biology

Biodiversity

• How biodiversity refers to the variety and complexity of life and may be considered at different levels
• How classification is a means of organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms and is built around the concept of species
• How originally classification systems were based on observable features, but more recent approaches draw on a wider range of evidence to clarify relationships between organisms

Ecosystems

• How the dynamic equilibrium of populations is affected by a range of factors
• How humans are part of the ecological balance, and their activities affect it both directly and indirectly
• How effective management of the conflict between human needs and conservation can help to maintain sustainability of resources

Chemistry

• The relevance of sustainability to all aspects of scientific developments

Physics

• The principle of conservation of energy

Geography

Water and carbon cycles

• How the carbon and water cycles play a key role in supporting life on Earth
• The links between the two cycles using climate as a key context

Landscape systems

• How landforms and landscapes evolve as a result of processes driven by past, present and future climate changes

Global systems and global governance

• How unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology within global systems can sometimes act to promote stability, growth and development but can also cause inequalities, conflicts and injustices for people and places
• The role of norms, laws and institutions in regulating and reproducing global systems, and analysis of the geographical consequences for citizens and places

Changing place; changing places

• How external agencies, including (but not limited to) governments, corporate bodies and community or local groups make attempts to influence or create specific place-meanings and thereby shape the actions and behaviours of individuals, groups, businesses and institutions
• The characteristics and impacts of external forces operating at different scales from local to global

Citizenship

• The different ways in which a citizen can contribute to the improvement of his or her community, to include the opportunity to participate actively in community volunteering, as well as other forms of responsible activity